Composite compound with mixed crystalline structure

ABSTRACT

A composite lithium compound having a mixed crystalline structure is provided. Such compound can be formed by heating lithium, iron, phosphorous and carbon sources with a lithium metal compound. The resulting mixed metal crystal can exhibit superior electrical property and is a better cathode material for lithium secondary batteries.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/040,773 filed Feb. 29, 2008, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The embodiments of the present invention relate to lithium secondarybatteries, more specifically, to a composite compound having a mixedcrystalline structure that can be used as a cathode material for lithiumsecondary batteries.

BACKGROUND

Lithium secondary batteries are widely used in various devices suchlaptops, cameras, camcorders, PDAs, cell phones, iPods and otherportable electronic devices. These batteries are also growing inpopularity for defense, automotive and aerospace applications because oftheir high energy density.

Lithium phosphate-based cathode materials for secondary battery havelong been known in the battery industry. People have used metalintercalation compound to improve the electrical property of lithiumphosphate. One popular intercalation compound is lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO₄). Because of its non-toxicity, excellent thermal stability,safety characteristics and good electrochemical performance, there is agrowing demand for rechargeable lithium secondary batteries with LiFePO₄as the cathode material.

LiFePO₄ has its problems as a cathode material, however. Compared withother cathode materials such as lithium cobaltate, lithium nicklate, andlithium magnate, LiFePO₄ has much lower conductance and electricaldensity. The current invention solves the problem by producing a mixedcrystal structure to significantly enhance the electrical properties ofLiFePO₄.

A mixed crystal can sometimes be referred to as a solid solution. It isa crystal containing a second constituent, which fits into and isdistributed in the lattice of the host crystal. See IUPAC Compendium ofChemical Terminology 2nd Edition (1997). Mixed crystals have been usedin semiconductors for enhancing light output in light emitting diodes(LEDs). They have also been used to produce sodium-based electrolyte forgalvanic elements. The current invention is the first time that a mixedcrystal has been successfully prepared for lithium metal intercalationcompounds such as LiFePO₄. It is also the first time that a mixedcrystalline structure has been used as a cathode material for lithiumsecondary batteries. The new cathode material disclosed in the presentinvention has significantly better electrical properties thantraditional LiFePO₄ cathode materials.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, a first embodiment discloses a cathode active materialcomprising a mixed crystal, the mixed crystal having: a firstcrystalline substance having one or more members with the generalformulas Li_(xx)M′_(yy)(XO₄)_(zz), LiM′XO₅, LiM′XO₆ and LiM′X₂O₇,wherein: 0<xx/zz≦1 and 0<yy/zz≦1; M′ is selected from elements Na, Mn,Fe, Co, Ni, Ti, Nb and V; X is selected from elements P, S, As, Mo andW; and a second crystalline substance having one or more members withthe general formulas LiD_(c)O₂, Li_(i)Ni_(1-d-e)Co_(d)Mn_(e)O₂,LiNi_(1-f-g)Co_(f)Al_(g)O₂, Li_(x)Ni_(1-y)CoO₂, Li_(a)M_(b)Mn_(2-b)O₄and Li_(m)Mn_(2-n)E_(n)O_(j), wherein: D is selected from elements B,Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, La and V; 0<c≦3, 0.9≦i≦1.2, 0≦d≦0.5,0≦e≦0.3, 0≦f≦0.5, 0≦g≦0.3, 0.9≦x≦1.1 and 0≦y≦1; M is selected fromelements boron, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt,nickel, copper, zinc, gallium and yttrium; 0.9≦a≦1.2 and 0≦b≦1; Eincludes one or more transition metals; and 0.9≦m≦1.1, 0≦n≦1 and 1<j<6.

The material is capable of achieving electrical conductivity of about0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C. The first crystalline substance and thesecond crystalline substance has molar ratios of about 1 to 0.01-0.05,taking only the lithium components in the material into consideration.The first crystalline substance includes one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of LiFePO₄, LiMnPO₄, LiCoPO₄, Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃,LiTi₂(PO₄)₃, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃, Li₂NaV₂(PO₄)₃, LiTiPO₅, LiVMoO₆, LiVWO₆,LiVP₂O₇ and LiFeAs₂O₇ and the second crystalline substance includes oneor more members selected from the group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂,LiMn₂O₄, LiVO₂, Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂,LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ and LiMnBO₃.

The material further includes a carbon additive, wherein the carbonadditive is capable of providing the mixed crystal with about 1-5% ofcarbon by weight. The carbon additive includes one or more membersselected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black,graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, starch, dextrin andpolyethylene glycol.

A second embodiment discloses a cathode active material comprising amixed crystal, the mixed crystal having: a first crystalline substancehaving a combination of lithium, iron and phosphorous sources, whereinthe lithium, iron and phosphorous (Li:Fe:P) sources have molar ratios ofabout 0.95-1.1:1:0.95-1.1; and a second crystalline substance having oneor more members with the general formulas LiD_(c)O₂,Li_(i)Ni_(1-d-e)Co_(d)Mn_(e)O₂, LiNi_(1-f-g)Co_(f)Al_(g)O₂,Li_(x)Ni_(1-y)CoO₂, Li_(a)M_(b)Mn_(2-b)O₄ and Li_(m)Mn_(2-n)E_(n)O_(j),where: D is selected from elements B, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y,La and V; 0<c≦3, 0.9≦i≦1.2, 0≦d≦0.5, 0≦e≦0.3, 0≦f≦0.5, 0≦g≦0.3,0.9≦x≦1.1 and 0≦y≦1; M is selected from elements boron, magnesium,aluminum, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc,gallium and yttrium; 0.9≦a≦1.2 and 0≦b≦1; E includes one or moretransition metals; and 0.9≦m≦1.1, 0≦n≦1 and 1<j<6.

The material is capable of achieving electrical conductivity of about0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C. The phosphorous source and the secondcrystalline substance has molar ratios of about 1 to 0.01-0.05, takingonly the lithium components and phosphorous source in the material intoconsideration. The second crystalline substance includes one or moremembers selected from the group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄,LiVO₂, Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂,LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ and LiMnBO₃.

The lithium source includes one or more members selected from the groupconsisting of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxalate andlithium acetate; the iron source includes one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of ferrous oxalate, ferrous carbonate, ironacetate, iron oxide, iron phosphate, iron pyrophosphate and ironnitrate; and the phosphate source includes one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ammonium, iron phosphate, phosphoric acid and lithiumdihydrogen phosphate.

The material further includes a carbon additive, wherein the carbonadditive is capable of providing the mixed crystal with about 1-5% ofcarbon by weight. The carbon additive includes one or more membersselected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black,graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, starch, dextrin andpolyethylene glycol.

A third embodiment discloses a cathode active material comprising amixed crystal, the mixed crystal having: a first crystalline substancehaving one or more members selected from the group consisting ofLiFePO₄, LiMnPO₄, LiCoPO₄, Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃,Li₂NaV₂(PO₄)₃, LiTiPO₅, LiVMoO₆, LiVWO₆, LiVP₂O₇ and LiFeAs₂O₇; and thesecond crystalline substance includes one or more members selected fromthe group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiVO₂,Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂, LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ andLiMnBO₃.

The material is capable of achieving electrical conductivity of about0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C. The material further includes a carbonadditive, wherein the carbon additive is capable of providing the mixedcrystal with about 1-5% of carbon by weight. The carbon additiveincludes one or more members selected from the group consisting ofcarbon black, acetylene black, graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid,starch, dextrin and polyethylene glycol.

In other embodiments, batteries may be manufactured using the cathodematerials as described in the previously disclosed embodiments.

Other variations, embodiments and features of the present invention willbecome evident from the following detailed description, drawings andclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-4 illustrate structural relationships of a mixed crystal,specifically, between a lithium iron phosphate compound and a compositemetal compound;

FIG. 5 illustrates an x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a compositecompound according to Example 2;

FIG. 6 illustrates the XRD pattern of a composite compound according toExample A1;

FIG. 7 illustrates the XRD pattern of a composite compound according toExample A2;

FIG. 8 illustrates the XRD pattern of a composite compound according toExample A3;

FIG. 9 illustrates the XRD pattern of a composite compound according toExample A5; and

FIG. 10 illustrates the XRD pattern of a composite compound according toExample A6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that theinvention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing fromthe spirit or essential character thereof. The presently disclosedembodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrativeand not restrictive.

A cathode material for lithium secondary batteries can be provided bycombining at least one lithium metal compound with at least one mixedmetal crystal, wherein the lithium metal compound has an olivinestructure and the mixed metal crystal includes a mixture of metalelements and metal oxides.

A general formula for a mixed crystal compound can be expressed as:Li_(a)A_(1-y)B_(y)(XO₄)_(b)/M_(c)N_(d), wherein:

A includes one or more transition metals from the first row includingwithout limitation Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Co and Ti;

B includes one or more doped metals including without limitation Fe, Mn,Ni, V, Co, Ti, Mg, Ca, Cu, Nb, Zr and other rare earth elements ormetals;

X includes one or more members of P, Si, S, V and Ge;

M includes one or more metals selected from groups IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA,VA, IIIB, IVB and VB of the periodic table;

N includes one or more members of O, N, H, S, SO₄, PO₄, OH, Cl andfluorine-related elements; and

0<a≦1, 0≦y≦0.5, 0<b≦1, 0<c≦4 and 0<d≦6.

The mixed crystal compound includes a lithium compound[Li_(a)A_(1-y)B_(y)(XO₄)_(b)] portion and a metal compound M_(c)N_(d)portion having a mixed crystalline relationship, with the lithiumcompound serving as the backbone or main building block of the cathodematerial. In one instance, the metal compound can be distributed intothe lithium compound to provide a composite compound or a mixed crystal.

The cathode material may also include doped carbon additives, e.g., themixed crystal compound Li_(a)A_(1-y)B_(y)(XO₄)_(b)/M_(c)N_(d) may bedoped with carbon additives scattered between grain boundaries or coatedon the grain surfaces. The doped carbon additive may provide the finalcathode material product with 1-15% of carbon by weight. In oneembodiment, the carbon additive includes one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black, graphite andcarbohydrate compound. In other embodiments, the carbon additive mayinclude other carbon-related elements, precursors or compounds.

The microstructure of the mixed crystal compound, which is capable ofbeing utilized as a cathode material, includes the lithium compound andthe metal compound having a mixed-crystalline structure with mixedcrystal lattices. The cathode material can come in at least threepossible forms: smaller crystals residing within a larger crystallattice, smaller crystal residing in between grain boundaries of largecrystals, or smaller crystals residing on the exterior grain surfaces ofa large crystal.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 1-4 illustrating a mixed crystal 10having the chemical formula Li_(a)A_(1-y)B_(y)(XO₄)_(b)/M_(c)N_(d)according to an embodiment of the presently disclosed invention.Specifically, the mixed crystal 10 includes a mixture of a lithiumcompound [Li_(a)A_(1-y)B_(y)(XO₄)_(b)] 12 and a mixed metal crystal ormetal compound [M_(c)N_(d)] 14. The lithium compound 12 has a largercrystal lattice while the metal compound 14 has a smaller crystallattice.

In one instance, the metal compound 14, having a smaller crystal lattice14, may be received or distributed within the lithium compound 12 havingthe larger crystal lattice 12 as best illustrated in FIG. 1. In anotherinstance, the metal compound 14 can be received or distributed betweentwo or more large crystal lattices 12 as best illustrated in FIG. 2.Alternatively, the metal compound 14 can reside within grain boundariesof the lithium compound 12 as best illustrated in FIG. 3. Lastly, themetal compound 14 may be dispersed about the exterior grain surfaces ofthe lithium compound 12 as best illustrated in FIG. 4. In all of theseinstances, lithium ion migration serves as a bridge either within acrystal lattice or in between two or more crystal lattices, whereinlithium ions can be fully released for enhanced electrical propertiesincluding electrical conductance, capacitance and recyclability. Themixed crystal may also provide enhanced electrochemical properties.

In other embodiments, the mixed crystal 10 may take on mixed crystallineforms. In other words, during formation of the metal compound 14 bymixing at least two metal oxides, a large number of crystal defects maybe introduced within the intermediary or composite crystals such thatthe electronic states and formation of the metal oxides are altered orchanged. The metal compound 14 with its mixed crystalline structure,therefore, contains a large number of oxygen vacancies and missingoxygen atoms. The oxygen vacancies can facilitate carrier conductionthereby enhancing the conductivity of the mixed crystal 10. Theformation of the metal compound 14 having two or more metal oxides willbecome more apparent in subsequent discussion.

In some embodiments, the metal compound 14 can be received between thegrain boundaries or on the exterior crystal lattices of the lithiumcompound 12 in forming the mixed crystal 10 as described above. In thealternative, the metal compound 14 and the lithium compound 12 may beheated or sintered at about 600-900° C. in an inert gas or reducing gasatmosphere for at least 2 hours. The resulting mixed crystal 10 providesan enhanced active material with improved electrical propertiesincluding conductivity and electrochemical properties thereby enhancingconductivity and charging capacity of a lithium secondary battery.

In one embodiment, the lithium compound has the general formulaLiM_(a)N_(b)XO_(c), wherein: M is a first-row transition metal includingFe, Mn, Ni, V, Co and Ti; N is a metal selected from the group Fe, Mn,Ni, V, Co, Ti, Mg, Ca, Cu, Nb, Zr and rare-earth metals; X is selectedfrom elements P, Si, S, V and Ge; and a, b and c have respective valuesthat would render said lithium compound charge-neutral. The lithiumcompound can include a metal intercalation compound having a similargeneral formula. In other embodiments, the lithium compound has thegeneral formula Li_(a)A_(1-y)B_(y)(XO₄)_(b), wherein: A is a first-rowtransition metal including Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Co and Ti; B is a metalselected from the group Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Co, Ti, Mg, Ca, Cu, Nb, Zr andrare-earth metals; X is selected from elements P, Si, S, V and Ge; and0<a≦1, 0≦y≦0.5 and 0<b≦1. In yet another embodiment, the metal compoundhas the general formula M_(c)N_(d), wherein M is metal selected from IA,IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, IIIB, IVB and VB groups in the periodic table; N isselected from O, N, H, S, SO₄, PO₄, OH, Cl, F, and C; and 0<c≦4 and0<d≦6.

In another embodiment, a cathode material for lithium secondarybatteries can be provided by sintering lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄)with a mixture compound, the cathode material capable of providingLiFePO₄: mixture compound molar ratios of 1:0.001-0.1. In thisembodiment, the mixture compound can be formed of two or more metaloxides wherein the metal can be selected from groups IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA,VA, IIIB, IVB and VB of the periodic table. In another embodiment, theweight of a first metal oxide is about 0.5-20% of the weight of a secondmetal oxide.

The mixture of metal oxides can take on a mixed crystal configuration.Based on mixed crystal formation theory, mixing of two or more metaloxides can form a composite mixed metal crystal such that a plurality ofcrystal defects are introduced to the crystal structure and lattice. Theelectronic states of the metal oxides are altered or changed therebyproducing a large number of oxygen atom vacancies. These vacanciesfacilitate electronic carrier conductions thus producing a highlyconductive mixed metal crystal.

The metal mixture compound, having a mixed crystalline configuration,can be coupled to the crystal lattices of LiFePO₄ by a heating orsintering process. Alternatively, after the metal oxides have beenheated and the mixed metal crystal has been formed, the mixed metalcrystal can be coupled to the crystal lattices of LiFePO₄ to provide alithium iron phosphate cathode material with a mixed crystal structureand configuration. The resulting mixed crystal structure can effectivelyimprove the conductivity, electrochemical properties, and greatlyenhance the charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery.

In other embodiments, the lithium iron phosphate cathode material canfurther include carbon coating on the exterior surfaces of the sinteredproduct, the amount of carbon material added being capable of providingthe final product with 1-15% of carbon by weight. The types of carbonmaterial that can be utilized include without limitation one or more ofcarbon black, acetylene black, graphite and carbohydrate compound.

The invention also includes batteries made from the new cathodematerials described in other embodiments.

A method of preparing a mixed crystal lithium iron phosphate cathodematerial includes evenly mixing at least one LiFePO₄ compound with amixture compound and heating the resulting mixture to 600-900° C. in aninert gas or reducing gas atmosphere for between 2-48 hours. The mixturecompound includes two or more metal oxides wherein the metal can beselected from groups IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, IIIB, IVB and VB of theperiodic table. The mixture compound provides a mixed crystallinestructure, wherein a method of preparing the mixture compound with thecorresponding mixed crystalline structure includes mixing metal oxidesfrom groups IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, IIIB, IVB and VB, and heating themixture to 600-1200° C. for between 2-48 hours.

The LiFePO₄ compound may be prepared by providing lithium, iron andphosphate sources to provide Li, Fe and P atoms with Li:Fe:P molarratios of 1:1:1. In other embodiments, different Li:Fe:P molar ratiosmay be adopted. The mixture can accordingly be grinded in a ball millfor 2-48 hours, dried between 40-80° C. or stirred until dry, and heatedto 600-900° C. in an inert gas or reducing gas atmosphere for between2-48 hours.

After combining the LiFePO₄ compound with the mixture compound havingmixed crystalline structure, carbon additives can be provided to theresulting mixture and sintered to facilitate carbon coating. The amountof carbon additives is capable of providing the resulting lithium ironphosphate cathode material with 1-15% of carbon by weight. The types ofcarbon material that can be utilized include without limitation one ormore of carbon black, acetylene black, graphite and carbohydratecompound. The carbon coating process further enhances the electricalconductivity of the cathode material.

Another method of preparing a mixed crystal cathode material includesevenly mixing lithium, iron and phosphate sources and heat to 600-900°C. in an inert gas or reducing gas atmosphere for at least 2 hours. Theresulting mixture can then be combined with a mixed metal compoundhaving a combination of two or more metal oxides selected from groupsIA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, IIIB, IVB and VB of the periodic table. In oneembodiment, the lithium source, iron source, phosphate source and mixedmetal compound are capable of providing Li:Fe:P:mixed metal compoundmolar ratios of 1:1:1:0.001-0.1. In other embodiments, differentLi:Fe:P:mixed metal compound molar ratios may be adopted. Furthermore,at least one carbon source can be added to the resulting mixture, thecarbon source including one or more of the following withoutlimitation:carbon black, acetylene black, graphite and carbohydratecompound. The amount of carbon source added to the resulting mixtureshould be able to provide the final product with 1-15% of carbon byweight.

According to the presently disclosed embodiments, lithium sourcescapable of being used in preparing the cathode material include one ormore of the following compounds without limitation:lithium carbonate,lithium hydroxide, lithium oxalate, lithium acetate, lithium fluoride,lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide and lithium dihydrogenphosphate. Likewise, iron sources include one or more of the followingcompounds without limitation:ferrous oxalate, ferrous acetate, ferrouschloride, ferrous sulfate, iron phosphate, ferrous oxide, ferric oxide,iron oxide and ferric phosphate. When using a trivalent iron compound asa source of iron, the ball milling process requires adding a carbonsource to reduce the trivalent iron to a divalent iron. Furthermore,phosphorous sources include one or more of the following compoundswithout limitation:ammonium, ammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogenphosphate, iron phosphate, ferric phosphate and lithium hydrogenphosphate.

During the mixing process, specifically grinding in a ball mill, one ormore solvents may be introduced including ethanol, DI water and acetone.In other embodiments, other mixing media and solvents may be utilized.In addition, the mixture can be dried between 40-80° C. or stirred untildry.

The types of inert gases that may be utilized include helium, neon,argon, krypton, xenon, radon and nitrogen. Additionally, reducing gasesincluding hydrogen and carbon monoxide can also be incorporated. Othersuitable gases may also be adopted.

It is understood that other lithium, iron, phosphorous and carbonsources may be utilized along with suitable solvents, inert gases andreducing gases as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.

It is understood that the new cathode materials described above can beused to make lithium secondary batteries and other types of batteries.

The following are various embodiments of the mixed-crystal lithium ironphosphate cathode materials according to the presently disclosedinvention.

Example 1

Mix LiFePO₄ with [Y₂O₃ and Sb₂O₃ (mass ratio 0.2:1)] to provide[LiFePO₄:(Y₂O₃ and Sb₂O₃)] molar ratio of [1:(0.04)], addcarbon-containing acetylene black (amount of carbon capable of providing10% by weight of carbon content in the final product), grind the mixturein a ball mill for 15 hours, remove and dry at 60° C. Heat the resultingpowder in a nitrogen atmosphere at 650° C. for 5 hours to provide aLiFePO₄ composite cathode material.

Example 2

Mix Sb₂O₃ and TiO₂ (mass ratio 0.15:1), grind the mixture in a ball millfor 5 hours, remove and dry at 60° C. Heat the resulting powder at 1000°C. for 8 hours to provide a Sb₂O₃ and TiO₂ mixed compound. Under x-raydiffraction (XRD), the mixed compound did not exhibit new characteristicpeaks on the XRD pattern indicating that the two oxides did not generatea new oxide compound. See FIGS. 5 & 6. The mixed compound, therefore,remained in a mixed crystal state indicative of a mixed crystalstructure.

Mix LiFePO₄ with the mixed crystal to provide a molar ratio of 1 to0.02, add carbon-containing glucose (amount of carbon capable ofproviding 8% by weight of carbon content in the final product), grindthe mixture in a ball mill for 20 hours, remove and dry at 60° C. Heatthe resulting powder in a nitrogen atmosphere at 750° C. for 8 hours toprovide a LiFePO₄ composite cathode material.

Example 3

Mix lithium fluoride, iron phosphate and diammonium phosphate to provideLi Fe:P atomic ratio of 1.02:1:1, grind the mixture in a ball mill for20 hours, remove and dry at 65° C. Heat the resulting powder in anitrogen atmosphere at 750° C. for 12 hours to provide LiFePO₄.

Mix V₂O₅ and TiO₂ (mass ratio 0.08:1), grind the mixture in a ball millfor 8 hours, remove and dry at 65° C. Heat the resulting powder at 500°C. for 8 hours to provide a V₂O₅ and TiO₂ mixed compound. Under x-raydiffraction (XRD), the mixed compound did not exhibit new characteristicpeaks on the XRD pattern indicating that the two oxides did not generatea new oxide compound. The mixed compound, therefore, remained in a mixedcrystal state indicative of a mixed crystal structure.

Mix LiFePO₄ with the mixed crystal to provide a molar ratio of 1 to0.05, grind the mixture in a ball mill for 10 hours, remove and dry at60° C. Heat the resulting powder in a nitrogen atmosphere at 750° C. for8 hours to provide a LiFePO₄ composite cathode material.

Example 4

Mix MgO and Al₂O₃ (mass ratio 0.05:1), grind the mixture in a ball millfor 6 hours, remove and dry at 60° C. Heat the resulting powder to 1000°C. for 6 hours to provide a MgO and Al₂O₃ mixed compound. Under x-raydiffraction (XRD), the mixed compound did not exhibit new characteristicpeaks on the XRD pattern indicating that the two oxides did not generatea new oxide compound. The mixed compound, therefore, remained in a mixedcrystal state indicative of a mixed crystal structure.

Mix LiFePO₄ with the mixed crystal to provide a molar ratio of 1 to0.002, add carbon-containing graphite (amount of carbon capable ofproviding 15% by weight of carbon content in the final product), grindthe mixture in a ball mill for 15 hours, remove and dry at 65° C. Heatthe resulting powder in a nitrogen atmosphere at 700° C. for 10 hours toprovide a LiFePO₄ composite cathode material.

Example 5

Mix lithium carbonate, ferric oxide, diammonium phosphate, SnO₂ andNb₂O₅ to provide Li:Fe:P:(SnO₂ and Nb₂O₅) molar ratio of 1.01:1:1:0.04,wherein SnO₂ is 5% of Nb₂O₅ by mass and may be added at the same time tobring about reduction of the ferric oxide along with carbon-containingacetylene black (amount of carbon capable of providing 5% by weight ofcarbon content in the final product), grind the mixture in a ball millfor 24 hours, and stir at 65° C. until dry. Heat the resulting powder ina nitrogen atmosphere at 750° C. for 20 hours to provide a LiFePO₄composite cathode material.

Example 6

Mix lithium carbonate, ferrous oxalate, diammonium phosphate, SnO₂ andTiO₂ to provide Li:Fe:P:(SnO₂ and TiO₂) molar ratio of 1.02:1:1:0.03,wherein SnO₂ is 15% of TiO₂ by mass, carbon-containing sucrose (amountof carbon capable of providing 7% by weight of carbon content in thefinal product), grind the mixture in a ball mill for 20 hours, removeand dry at 65° C. Heat the resulting powder in a nitrogen atmosphere at750° C. for 18 hours to provide a LiFePO₄ composite cathode material.

Example 7

Mix lithium carbonate, ferrous phosphate, Nb₂O₅ and TiO₂ to provideLi:Fe:P (Nb₂O₅ and TiO₂) molar ratio of 1:1:1:0.01, wherein Nb₂O₅ is 5%of TiO₂ by mass, carbon-containing sucrose (amount of carbon capable ofproviding 5% by weight of carbon content in the final product), grindthe mixture in a ball mill for 20 hours, remove and dry at 65° C. Heatthe resulting powder in a nitrogen atmosphere at 750° C. for 15 hours toprovide a LiFePO₄ composite cathode material.

Reference 1

Mix lithium carbonate, ferrous oxalate, copper fluoride and diammoniumphosphate to provide a molar ratio of 1:0.9:0.1:1, add carbon-containingsucrose (amount of carbon capable of providing 7% by weight of carboncontent in the final product), grind the mixture in a ball mill for 10hours, remove and dry at 70° C. Heat the resulting powder in a nitrogenatmosphere at 650° C. for 20 hours to provide a LiFePO₄ compositecathode material.

Testing of Examples 1-7 and Reference 1

(1) Battery Preparation

(a) Cathode Active Material

Separately combine 100 grams of each of the LiFePO₄ composite materialfrom examples 1-6 and reference 1 with 3 grams of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) binder and 2 grams of acetylene black to 50 grams ofN-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), mix in a vacuum mixer into a uniform slurry,apply a coating of about 20 microns thick to each side of an aluminumfoil, dry at 150° C., roll and crop to a size of 480×44 mm² to provideabout 2.8 grams of cathode active material.

(b) Anode Active Material

Combine 100 grams of natural graphite with 3 grams of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) binder and 3 grams of conductive acetylene black to 100grams of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), mix in a vacuum mixer into a uniformslurry, apply a coating of about 12 microns thick to each side of acopper foil, dry at 90° C., roll and crop to a size of 485×45 mm² toprovide about 2.6 grams of anode active material.

(c) Battery Assembly

Separately wind each of the cathode and anode active materials withpolypropylene film into a lithium secondary battery core, followed bydissolving one mole of LiPF₆ in a mixture of non-aqueous electrolytesolvent EC/EMC/DEC to provide a ratio of 1:1:1, inject and seal theelectrolyte having a capacity of 3.8 g/Ah into the battery to provideseparate lithium secondary batteries for testing.

(2) Specific Discharge Capacity Test

Using a current charge of 0.2 C, charge each battery for 4 hours, andthen at constant voltage to 3.8 V. After setting the battery aside for20 minutes, using a current of 0.2 C discharge from 3.8 V to 3.0 V,record the battery's initial discharge capacity, and use the followingequation to calculate the battery's initial specific capacity:Initial specific capacity=Initial discharge capacity (milliamperehour)/weight of cathode active material (grams).

(3) Measure the Specific Capacity After 500 Cycles

(4) Separately Measure Specific Capacity at 1 C, 3 C and 5 C

The testing cycle results for examples 1-7 and reference 1 are shown inTable 1.

TABLE 1 Test results of LiFePO₄ composite cathode materials andreference sample. Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ref. 1Initial specific capacity (mAh/g) 130 125 126 125 128 131 131 98Specific capacity after 500 cycles (mAh/g) 128 124 124 123 126 130 12862 Specific capacity at 1 C (mAh/g) 126 120 120 121 122 126 124 80Specific capacity at 3 C (mAh/g) 111 107 107 106 109 112 116 50 Specificcapacity at 5 C (mAh/g) 108 105 106 105 106 109 109 34

From the data in Table 1, it can be observed that the LiFePO₄ compositecathode materials according to examples 1-7 of the presently disclosedinvention provide higher initial specific discharge capacity thanreference 1. Accordingly, the LiFePO₄ composite cathode materials forlithium secondary batteries and methods of manufacturing such accordingto the presently disclosed embodiments provide superior electricalperformance, e.g., higher discharge capacity, low capacity loss aftermultiple cycles, and high discharge capacity retention rate.

Additional experimental data are provided in Tables 2 and 3 illustratingthe electrical properties of some of the examples described above.

TABLE 2 Middle Specific Charging Discharging discharge capacity capacitycapacity Efficiency voltage Set capacity (mAh/g) Example 1 11.16 9.9188.8% 3.372 9.60 154.86 Example 3 10.89 10.02 91.9% 3.371 9.74 156.48Example 4 11.22 10.18 90.7% 3.376 9.88 159.09 Example 5 10.84 10.0192.3% 3.375 9.74 156.34 Minimum 10.84 9.91 88.8% 3.37 9.60 154.86Average 11.03 10.03 90.9% 3.37 9.74 156.70 Maximum 11.22 10.18 92.3%3.38 9.88 159.09 Range 0.38 0.27 3.5% 0.00 0.28 4.23 Median 11.03 10.0191.3% 3.37 9.74 156.41 STDEV 0.19 0.11 1.6% 0.00 0.12 1.76

TABLE 3 Middle Specific Charging Discharging discharge capacity capacitycapacity Efficiency voltage Set capacity (mAh/g) Example 1 11.33 10.2090.0% 3.343 9.67 159.38 Example 2 10.16 9.19 90.5% 3.362 8.75 143.66Example 4 11.19 10.18 90.9% 3.367 9.67 159.06 Example 5 11.21 10.2091.0% 3.350 9.67 159.36 Minimum 10.16 9.19 90.0% 3.34 8.75 143.66Average 10.97 9.94 90.6% 3.36 9.44 155.36 Maximum 11.33 10.20 91.0% 3.379.67 159.38 Range 1.17 1.01 1.0% 0.02 0.92 15.72 Median 11.20 10.1990.7% 3.36 9.67 159.21 STDEV 0.55 0.50 0.4% 0.01 0.46 7.81

Reference is now made to FIG. 5 illustrating an x-ray diffraction (XRD)pattern of a cathode composite compound according to example 7. As shownin the figure, the TiO₂ peak from the starting material is missing afterformation of the cathode composite compound, which is suggestive of asubstance having mixed crystalline structure or a mixed crystalcompound. It is also possible that the TiO₂ exchange has taken placewith Fe atoms. However, it is suspected that a mixed crystal is the mostlikely outcome.

In another embodiment, a cathode active material can be provided havinga mixed crystal structure, the mixed crystal structure having a firstcrystalline substance having one or more members with the generalformulas Li_(xx)M′_(yy)(XO₄)_(zz), LiM′XO₅, LiM′XO₆ and LiM′X₂O₇,wherein:

0<xx/zz≦1 and 0<yy/zz≦1;

M′ is selected from elements Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ti, Nb and V; and

X is selected from elements P, S, As, Mo and W.

The mixed crystal structure further includes a second crystallinesubstance having one or more members with the general formulasLiD_(c)O₂, Li_(i)Ni_(1-d-e)Co_(d)Mn_(e)O₂, LiNi_(1-f-g)Co_(f)Al_(g)O₂,Li_(x)Ni_(1-y)CoO₂, Li_(a)M_(b)Mn_(2-b)O₄ and Li_(m)Mn_(2-n)E_(n)O_(j),wherein:

D is selected from elements B, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, La andV;

0<c≦3, 0.9≦i≦1.2, 0≦d≦0.5, 0≦e≦0.3, 0≦f≦0.5, 0≦g≦0.3, 0.9≦x≦1.1 and0≦y≦1;

M is selected from elements boron, magnesium, aluminum, titanium,chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium and yttrium;

0.9≦a≦1.2 and 0≦b≦1;

E includes one or more transition metals; and

0.9≦m≦1.1, 0≦n≦1 and 1<j<6.

The mixed crystal structure can be formed by sintering two or morecompounds, the intermediary mixture having oxygen vacancies or metalliccrystalline structures. The two or more compounds do not exhibit anymajor chemical reactions when mixed together. However, upon sintering, alarge number of crystalline defects can be formed thereby altering theelectronic states of the compounds creating a large number of oxygenvacancies. The sintering process can be carried out by heating thecompounds at a rate of about 5 to 20° C. per minute to temperatures ofabout 500 to 850° C. for about 5 to 32 hours. These oxygen vacanciesprovide the needed carriers thus greatly enhancing the electricalconductivity of the mixed crystal. Accordingly, the cathode activematerial can achieve electrical conductivity of about 0.001 to 10 S/cm(Siemens per centimeter) at about 25° C., the electrical conductivityvalues being greater than traditional lithium iron phosphate cathodeactive materials. In this embodiment, the first crystalline substanceand the second crystalline substance have molar ratios of about 1 to0.01-0.05, taking only the lithium components in the material intoconsideration.

The first crystalline substance can have a mixed crystalline structurewith the general formula Li_(xx)M′_(yy)(XO₄)_(zz) including one or moremembers selected from the group consisting of LiFePO₄, LiMnPO₄ andLiCOPO₄. In other embodiments, single-crystalline structures includingLi₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ and Li₂NaV₂(PO₄)₃ may beincorporated. For the general formula LiM′XO₅, the first crystallinesubstance can be LiTiPO₅. For the general formula LiM′XO₆, the firstcrystalline substance can include LiVMoO₆ and LiVWO₆. For the generalformula LiM′X₂O₇, the first crystalline substance can include LiVP₂O₇and LiFeAs₂O₇. The second crystalline substance can include one or moremembers selected from the group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄,LiVO₂, Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂,LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ and LiMnBO₃.

The cathode active material can further include a carbon additive,wherein the carbon additive is capable of providing the mixed crystalstructure with about 1-5% of carbon by weight. The carbon additiveincludes one or more members selected from the group consisting ofcarbon black, acetylene black, graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid,starch, dextrin, polyethylene glycol, and other organic and inorganicsources.

In another embodiment, a cathode active material can be provided, thecathode active material having a mixed crystal, the mixed crystalhaving: a first crystalline substance having a combination of lithium,iron and phosphorous sources, wherein the lithium, iron and phosphorous(Li:Fe:P) sources have molar ratios of about 0.95-1.1:1:0.95-1.1; and asecond crystalline substance having one or more members with the generalformulas LiD_(c)O₂, Li_(i)Ni_(1-d-e)Co_(d)Mn_(e)O₂,LiNi_(1-f-g)Co_(f)Al_(g)O₂, Li_(x)Ni_(1-y)CoO₂, Li_(a)M_(b)Mn_(2-b)O₄and Li_(m)Mn_(2-n)E_(n)O_(j), wherein:

D is selected from elements B, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, La andV;

0<c≦3, 0.9≦i≦1.2, 0≦d≦0.5, 0≦e≦0.3, 0≦f≦0.5, 0≦g≦0.3, 0.9≦x≦1.1 and0≦y≦1;

M is selected from elements boron, magnesium, aluminum, titanium,chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium and yttrium;

0.9≦a≦1.2 and 0≦b≦1;

E includes one or more transition metals; and

0.9≦m≦1.1, 0≦n≦1 and 1<j<6.

The cathode active material can achieve electrical conductivity of about0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C. The phosphorous source and the secondcrystalline substance has molar ratios of about 1 to 0.01-0.05, takingonly the lithium components and phosphorous source in the material intoconsideration.

The second crystalline substance includes one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiVO₂,Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂, LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ andLiMnBO₃.

The lithium source includes one or more members selected from the groupconsisting of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxalate andlithium acetate; the iron source includes one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of ferrous oxalate, ferrous carbonate, ironacetate, iron oxide, iron phosphate, iron pyrophosphate and ironnitrate; and the phosphate source includes one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ammonium, iron phosphate, phosphoric acid and lithiumdihydrogen phosphate.

The cathode active material further includes a carbon additive, whereinthe carbon additive is capable of providing the mixed crystal with about1-5% of carbon by weight. The carbon additive includes one or moremembers selected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetyleneblack, graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, starch, dextrin andpolyethylene glycol.

In another embodiment, a cathode active material can be provided, thecathode active material having a mixed crystal, the mixed crystalhaving: a first crystalline substance having one or more membersselected from the group consisting of LiFePO₄, LiMnPO₄, LiCoPO₄,Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃, Li₂NaV₂(PO₄)₃, LiTiPO₅, LiVMoO₆,LiVWO₆, LiVP₂O₇ and LiFeAs₂O₇; and the second crystalline substanceincludes one or more members selected from the group consisting ofLiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiVO₂, Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂,LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ and LiMnBO₃.

The cathode active material can achieve electrical conductivity of about0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C. The cathode active material furtherincludes a carbon additive, wherein the carbon additive is capable ofproviding the mixed crystal with about 1-5% of carbon by weight. Thecarbon additive includes one or more members selected from the groupconsisting of carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, glucose, sucrose,citric acid, starch, dextrin and polyethylene glycol.

In other embodiments, a lithium ion secondary battery can be provided,the lithium ion secondary battery having a battery case, electrodes andelectrolyte, the electrodes and electrolyte being sealed within thebattery case, the electrodes having wounded or stacked cathode, anodeand divider film, the cathode further including the cathode activematerials described above.

The cathode includes cathode components such as the cathode activematerials disclosed in the embodiments above along with adhesives. Theadhesives can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic binding additives withoutany specific binder ratio restrictions. In one instance, the hydrophilicto hydrophobic adhesive binder can have weight ratios of about 0.3:1 toabout 1:1. The adhesive can solid, aqueous or as an emulsion. Theconcentration can be adjusted accordingly based on methods of preparingthe cathode, anode and the slurry viscosity and coating. In one example,the hydrophilic adhesive solution has a concentration of about 0.5 to 4weight percent while the hydrophobic latex binder has a concentration ofabout 10 to 80 weight percent.

Hydrophobic adhesives can include PTFE, styrene butadiene rubber, ormixtures thereof. Hydrophilic adhesives can include HPMC, CMC,hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, or mixtures thereof. Thebinder content can be about 0.01 to 8% by weight of the total cathodeactive material.

In addition, conductive agents may be incorporated in the cathode activematerial, the conductive agents include without limitation graphite,carbon fiber, carbon black, metal powders and fibers as well as anysuitable material understood by one skilled in the art. The conductiveagent can be about 0.1 to 20% by weight of the total cathode activematerial.

The method of preparing the cathode include using solvents to dissolvethe cathode active material and mixing with adhesives and conductiveagents to form a cathode slurry. The cathode slurry can be applied ontocathode collectors, dried, rolled or compressed, and sliced into piecesto produce the cathode. In one example, the slurry can be dried at about100 to 150° C. for about 2 to 10 hours. The cathode collectors includealuminum foil, copper foil, nickel-plated steel or punched stainlesssteel. The types of solvent to use include N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP),dimethylformamide (DMF), diethyl formamide (DEF), dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), water, alcohol and mixtures thereof. Theamount of solvent to use can be adjusted accordingly to provide theproper slurry coating and viscosity. In one instance, the amount ofsolvent can be about 40 to 90% by weight of the cathode active material.The method of preparing the cathode and types of solvents, adhesives,conductive agents and cathode collectors can also incorporate othertechniques understood by one skilled in the art.

As discussed above, the lithium secondary battery includes a batteryshell, electrodes and electrolyte, the electrodes and electrolytecapable of being sealed within the battery shell. The electrodes includewounded or stacked cathode, anode and divider film with the cathodeutilizing the cathode active material of the presently disclosedembodiments.

The divider film can be situated between the cathode and anode forpreventing electrical shorts and for maintaining the electrolyticsolution. In one instance, the divider film can include any membraneincluding without limitation micro-porous membrane polyolefin,polyethylene fibers, ultra-fine glass fibers and fiber paper.

The anode can incorporate any anode active materials and known methodsof forming such materials as known in the arts. The anode activematerial can be provided in slurry form and coated onto anode collectorssimilar to the cathode collectors above. Additionally, the anode activematerial may include carbon additives such as non-carbon graphite,graphite, and polymers having undergone high-temperature carbonoxidation. The carbon additive can also include pyrolytic coal, coke,organic polymer sintered materials and activated carbons. The organicpolymer sintered materials include phenolic resin, epoxy resin, andcarbonized products obtained by sintering.

Adhesives can utilize traditional adhesives for lithium secondarybatteries including polyvinyl alcohol, PTFE, carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC), hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC), and styrene butadiene rubber(SBR). The adhesive binder can be about 0.5 to 8 weight percent of thetotal anode active material.

The anode active material can further include conductive agents, theconductive agent capable of increasing electrical conductivity andreducing internal resistance of the battery. The conductive agentincludes carbon black, nickel powder and copper powder. Other conductiveagents known by one skilled in the art may also be utilized and can beabout 0.1 to 12 weight percent of the anode active material.

The method of preparing the anode includes using solvents to dissolvethe anode active material and mixing with adhesives and conductiveagents to form an anode slurry. The anode slurry can be applied onto theanode collectors similar to that of the cathode slurry described above,dried, rolled or compressed, and sliced into pieces to produce theanode. In one example, the slurry can be dried at about 100 to 150° C.for about 2 to 10 hours. The types of solvent for dissolving the anodeactive material include N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide(DMF), diethyl formamide (DEF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),tetrahydrofuran (THF), water, alcohol and mixtures thereof. The amountand concentration of solvents to use can be adjusted accordingly toprovide the proper slurry coating and viscosity. Like the cathodeslurry, the amount of anode slurry applied to the anode collector can beabout 40 to 90 weight percent of the anode active material.

The electrolyte for the lithium secondary battery can be a non-aqueouselectrolyte, which can be formed by dissolving lithium salt in anon-aqueous solvent. The lithium salt electrolyte can include one ormore members selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), lithiumperchlorate (LiClO₄), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄), lithiumhexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF₆), lithium hexafluorosilicate (LiSiF₆),lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB(C₆H₅)₄), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithiumbromide (LiBr), lithium aluminum tetrachloride (LiAlCl₄), LiC(SO₂CF₃)₃,LiCH₃SO₃, and LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂. The non-aqueous solvent can be chain esterand ester ring mixed solution, the chain ester being one or more membersof dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), dimethylpropyl carbonate(DPC) and other fluoride or sulfur-containing unsaturated key chainorganic esters, with the ester ring being one or more members ofethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), vinylene carbonate(VC), gamma-butyrolactone (γ-BL), sodium fluoride and otherlactone-containing or unsaturated organic ester rings. In one instance,the lithium salt electrolyte has a concentration of about 0.1 to 2 moleper liter.

The presently disclosed lithium secondary batteries can be provided byprocesses known by one skilled in the art. The preparation methodincludes winding or stacking cathode, anode and divider films into thebattery core, and placing the battery core into the battery shell,adding the electrolyte, and seal the battery accordingly. The winding,stacking and sealing of the batteries can utilize traditional techniquesas understood by one skilled in the art. Furthermore, other known stepsof manufacturing the lithium secondary battery can be incorporated.

The following are various embodiments of mixed-crystal cathode activematerials according to the presently disclosed invention.

Example A1

Mix LiFePO₄ and LiNiO₂ in a molar ratio of 1:0.02 with starch as asource of carbon (amount of carbon capable of providing 5% by weight ofcarbon content in the final product). The LiFePO₄ can be prepared bymixing lithium carbonate, ferrous oxalate and ammonium dihydrogenphosphate in a Li:Fe:P molar ratio of 1:1:1, which can be added to thelithium nickel oxide at an ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to LiNiO₂ molarratio of 1:0.02 (taking into account the phosphorous and lithiumcomponents in the mixture). Alternatively, the LiFePO₄ can be preparedby a third party and added to the LiNiO₂ in the manner discussed above.In one instance, the LiFePO₄ can be produced by heating lithium, ironand phosphorous sources at about 400 to 800° C. for 5 to 32 hours.

Grind the mixture in a ball mill for 10 hours, remove and dry at 80° C.Heat the resulting powder in a nitrogen or argon atmosphere at 10° C.per minute to 600° C., continue sintering the product for 20 hours toprovide a LiFePO₄/LiNiO₂/C mixed crystal cathode active material.

Using a Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material as shown in FIG. 6. Looking at the diffractionpeaks of the sintered product, other than peaks corresponding to LiFePO₄and LiNiO₂, there are no new peaks or features which is an indicationthat the LiFePO₄ and LiNiO₂ exist in two phases and that no newcompounds are created. Accordingly, this demonstrates that the processdescribed above provides a cathode active material havingLiFePO₄/LiNiO₂/C in a mixed crystal form.

Example A2

Mix LiFePO₄ and LiCoO₂ in a molar ratio of 1:0.04 with acetylene blackas a source of carbon (amount of carbon capable of providing 2% byweight of carbon content in the final product). The LiFePO₄ can beprepared by mixing lithium oxalate, iron oxide and diammonium hydrogenphosphate in a Li:Fe:P molar ratio of 0.95:1:1, which can be added tothe lithium cobalt oxide at a diammonium hydrogen phosphate to LiCoO₂molar ratio of 1:0.04 (taking into account the phosphorous and lithiumcomponents in the mixture). Alternatively, the LiFePO₄ can be preparedby a third party and added to the LiCoO₂ in the manner discussed above.In one instance, the LiFePO₄ can be produced by heating lithium, ironand phosphorous sources at about 400 to 800° C. for 5 to 32 hours.

Grind the mixture in a ball mill for 10 hours, remove and dry at 80° C.Heat the resulting powder in a nitrogen or argon atmosphere at 5° C. perminute to 500° C., continue sintering the product for 30 hours toprovide a LiFePO₄/LiCoO₂/C mixed crystal cathode active material.

Using the Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material as shown in FIG. 7. Looking at the diffractionpeaks of the sintered product, other than peaks corresponding to LiFePO₄and LiCoO₂, there are no new peaks or features which is an indicationthat the LiFePO₄ and LiCoO₂ exist in two phases and that no newcompounds are created. Accordingly, this demonstrates that the processdescribed above provides a cathode active material havingLiFePO₄/LiCoO₂/C in a mixed crystal form.

Example A3

Mix LiFePO₄, LiMn₂O₄ and LiVO₂ in a molar ratio of 1:0.03:1 with carbonblack as a source of carbon (amount of carbon capable of providing 0% byweight of carbon content in the final product). The LiFePO₄ can beprepared by mixing lithium hydroxide, ferrous carbonate and phosphoricacid in a Li:Fe:P molar ratio of 1.05:1:1.05, which can be added to theLiMn₂O₄ and LiVO₂ at a phosphoric acid to LiMn₂O₄ and LiVO₂ molar ratioof 1:0.03:0.01 (taking into account the phosphorous components in themixture). Alternatively, the LiFePO₄ can be prepared by a third partyand added to the LiCoO₂ in the manner discussed above. In one instance,the LiFePO₄ can be produced by heating lithium, iron and phosphoroussources at about 400 to 800° C. for 5 to 32 hours.

Grind the mixture in a ball mill for 10 hours, remove and dry at 80° C.Heat the resulting powder in a nitrogen or argon atmosphere at 20° C.per minute to 800° C., continue sintering the product for 8 hours toprovide a LiFePO₄/LiMn₂O₄/LiVO₂ mixed crystal cathode active material.

Using the Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material as shown in FIG. 8. Looking at the diffractionpeaks of the sintered product, other than peaks corresponding toLiFePO₄, LiMn₂O₄ and LiVO₂, there are no new peaks or features which isan indication that the LiFePO₄, LiMn₂O₄ and LiVO₂ exist in three phasesand that no new compounds are created. Accordingly, this demonstratesthat the process described above provides a cathode active materialhaving LiFePO₄/LiMn₂O₄/LiVO₂ in a mixed crystal form.

Example A4

Mix LiOH, Ni(OH)₂, Co₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ in a molar ratio of1:0.8:0.075:0.025, grind the mixture in a ball mill for 5 hours, heat inan oxygen atmosphere at 7° C. per minute to 800° C., continue sinteringthe product for 15 hours to provide a mixed crystal cathode activematerial.

Using the Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material. In comparison with theLiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ standard, the composite mixed crystal wasdetermined to be LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂.

The remaining steps incorporate those used in Example A1, with thedifference being that the LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ is substitutedin place of the LiNiO₂ to provide aLiFePO₄/LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂/C mixed crystal cathode activematerial.

Using the Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material. Looking at the diffraction peaks of thesintered product, other than peaks corresponding to LiFePO₄ andLiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂, there are no new peaks or features whichis an indication that the LiFePO₄ and LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂exist in two phases and that no new compounds are created. Accordingly,this demonstrates that the process described above provides a cathodeactive material having LiFePO₄/LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂/C in amixed crystal form.

Example A5

Mix LiOH, Ni(OH)₂, Co₂O₃ and MnO₂ in a molar ratio of1.03:0.77:0.05:0.1, grind the mixture in a ball mill for 5 hours, heatin an oxygen atmosphere at 7° C. per minute to 800° C., continuesintering the product for 15 hours to provide a mixed crystal cathodeactive material.

Using the Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material. In comparison with theLi_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂ standard, the composite mixedcrystal was determined to be Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂.

The remaining steps incorporate those used in Example A1, with thedifference being that the Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂ issubstituted in place of the LiNiO₂ to provide aLiFePO₄/Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂/C mixed crystal cathodeactive material.

Using the Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material as shown in FIG. 9. Looking at the diffractionpeaks of the sintered product, other than peaks corresponding toLi_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂, there are no new peaks or featureswhich is an indication that the LiFePO₄ andLi_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂ exist in two phases and that no newcompounds are created. Accordingly, this demonstrates that the processdescribed above provides a cathode active material havingLiFePO₄/Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂/C in a mixed crystal form.

Example A6

The steps are similar to those used in Example Al, with the differencebeing that the LiMnBO₃ is substituted in place of the LiNiO₂ to providea LiFePO₄/LiMnBO₃/C mixed crystal cathode active material.

Using the Rigaku D/MAX-2200/PC, an XRD pattern was carried out on thecathode active material as shown in FIG. 10. Looking at the diffractionpeaks of the sintered product, other than peaks corresponding to LiFePO₄and LiMnBO₃, there are no new peaks or features which is an indicationthat the LiFePO₄ and LiMnBO₃ exist in two phases and that no newcompounds are created. Accordingly, this demonstrates that the processdescribed above provides a cathode active material havingLiFePO₄/LiMnBO₃/C in a mixed crystal form.

Reference R1

Mix LiFePO₄ and LiCoO₂ in a molar ratio of 1:0.04 with acetylene blackas a source of carbon (amount of carbon capable of providing 2% byweight of carbon content in the final product). Grind the mixture in aball mill for 10 hours, remove and dry at 80° C. to provide a combinedcomposition of LiFePO₄, LiCoO₂ and carbon cathode active material.

Reference R2

Mix LiFePO₄, LiMn₂O₄ and LiVO₂ in a molar ratio of 1:0.03:0.01. Grindthe mixture in a ball mill for 10 hours, remove and dry at 80° C. toprovide a combined composition of LiFePO₄, LiMn₂O₄ and LiVO₂ cathodeactive material.

Conductivity of Examples A1-A6 and References R1-R2

At 25° C., separately take each cathode active materials of ExamplesA1-A6 and References R1-R2, apply 30 MPa of pressure to provide acylinder. Measure the height (l), diameter (d) and resistance (R) ofeach cylinder. Use the following formula to calculate the electricalconductivity (σ) for each sample:Electrical conductivity σ=4×l/(πR×d ²)

The electrical conductivities of Examples A1-A6 and References R1-R2 areshown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Electrical conductivities values of various samples at 25° C.Electrical conductivity of cathode Sample No. active materials at 25° C.(S/cm) Example A1 0.03 Example A2 0.24 Example A3 0.6 Example A4 1.8Example A5 1.2 Example A6 0.81 Reference R1 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ Reference R2 2.4× 10⁻⁵

From Table 4, it can be observed that the cathode active materials ofthe present embodiments can achieve electrical conductivity up to 1.8S/cm (siemens per centimeter). Additionally, the cathode active materialof Reference R1, provided by simple mixing, achieved electricalconductivity of 1.5×10⁻⁶ S/cm while the cathode active material ofExample A2, having similar composition to that of Reference R1 butprovided by the presently disclosed method, achieved electricalconductivity of 0.24 S/cm, the latter being 160,000 times moreelectrically conductive. Likewise, the cathode active material ofReference R2, provided by simple mixing, achieved electricalconductivity of 2.4×10⁻⁵ S/cm while the cathode active material ofExample A3, having similar composition to that of Reference R2 butprovided by the presently disclosed method, achieved electricalconductivity of 0.6 S/cm, the latter being 25,000 times moreelectrically conductive.

Testing of Examples A1-A6 and References R1-R2

(1) Battery Preparation

(a) Cathode Active Material

Separately combine 90 grams of each of the composite cathode materialfrom Examples A1-A6 and References R1-R2 with 5 grams of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) binder and 5 grams of acetylene black to 50 grams ofN-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Place in a vacuum mixer to mix into a uniformslurry. Apply a coating of about 20 microns thick on both sides of analuminum foil, dry at 150° C., roll and crop to a size of 540×43.5 mm²to provide about 5.2 grams of cathode active material.

(b) Anode Active Material

Combine 90 grams of natural graphite with 5 grams of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) binder and 5 grams of conductive carbon black to 100grams of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Place in a vacuum mixer to mix intoa uniform slurry. Apply a coating of about 12 microns thick to bothsides of a copper foil, dry at 90° C., roll and crop to a size of 500×44mm² to provide about 3.8 grams of anode active material.

(c) Battery Assembly

Separately wind each of the cathode and anode active materials withpolypropylene film into a lithium secondary battery core, followed bydissolving one mole of LiPF₆ in a mixture of non-aqueous electrolytesolvent EC/EMC/DEC to provide a ratio of 1:1:1, inject and seal theelectrolyte having a capacity of 3.8 g/Ah into the battery to provideseparate lithium secondary batteries B1-B6 (Examples A1-A6) and BC1-BC2(References R1-R2) for testing.

Performance Testing of Batteries B1-B6 and BC1-BC2

Separately place each of batteries B1-B6 and BC1-BC2 on the testingcabinet. At 25° C., charge each battery at a current of 0.5 C with avoltage limit of 3.8 V and set the battery aside for 20 minutes. Using acurrent of 0.5 C, discharge the battery from 3.8 V to 2.5 V and recordthe discharge capacity as the battery's initial discharge capacity. Usethe following equation to calculate the battery's specific dischargecapacity. The test results for batteries B1-B6 and BC1-BC2 are shown inTable 5.Specific discharge capacity=Initial discharge capacity (milliamperehour)/weight of cathode active material (grams)

Repeat the process described above:charge the battery, set it aside, anddischarge each battery for 500 cycles. Record the battery's dischargecapacity and use the following equation to calculate the battery'sability to maintain discharge capacity after 500 cycles. The higher themaintenance rate, the better the performance of the battery inmaintaining its discharge capacity. The test results for batteries B1-B6and BC1-BC2 are shown in Table 5.Capacity maintenance rate=(Discharge capacity after nth cycle/initialdischarge capacity)×100%

TABLE 5 Electrical testing results for batteries B1-B6 and BC1-BC2.Specific Discharge Capacity Capacity Maintenance Rate Sample No. (mAh/gat 0.5 C) after 500 Cycles Example A1/Battery B1 121 95.01% ExampleA2/Battery B2 124 95.90% Example A3/Battery B3 126 96.67% ExampleA4/Battery B4 135 98.87% Example A5/Battery B5 131 97.56% ExampleA6/Battery B6 128 97.07% Reference R1/Battery BC1 108 88.21% ReferenceR2/Battery BC2 112 90.09%

From the data in Table 5, it can be observed that the cathode activematerials according to Examples A1-A6 of the presently disclosedinvention are able to achieve better electrical performance thanReferences R1-R2. Specifically, the cathode active materials ofbatteries B1-B6 are able to achieve specific discharge capacity of atleast 121 mAh/g at 0.5 C and maintain greater than 95% dischargecapacity after 500 cycles.

Additionally, cathode active material of Reference R1, provided bysimple mixing, achieved specific discharge capacity of 108 mAh/g andmaintained 88.21% discharge capacity after 500 cycles while cathodeactive material of Example A2, having similar composition to that ofReference R1 but provided by the presently disclosed method, achievedspecific discharge capacity of 124 mAh/g and maintained 95.90% dischargecapacity after 500 cycles. Likewise, cathode active material ofReference R2, provided by simple mixing, achieved specific dischargecapacity of 112 mAh/g and maintained 90.09% discharge capacity after 500cycles while cathode active material of Example A2, having similarcomposition to that of Reference R1 but provided by the presentlydisclosed method, achieved specific discharge capacity of 126 mAh/g andmaintained 96.67% discharge capacity after 500 cycles.

Accordingly, the cathode active materials for lithium secondarybatteries and methods of manufacturing such according to the presentlydisclosed embodiments are able to provide superior electricalperformance, e.g., higher electrical conductivity, discharge capacityand discharge capacity maintenance or retention rate.

Although the invention has been described in detail with reference toseveral embodiments, additional variations and modifications existwithin the scope and spirit of the invention as described and defined inthe following claims.

1. A cathode active material comprising a mixed crystal, the mixed crystal having: a first crystalline substance having one or more members with the general formulas Li_(xx)M′_(yy)(XO₄)_(zz), LiM′XO₅, LiM′XO₆ and LiM′X₂O₇, wherein: 0<xx/zz≦1 and 0<yy/zz≦1; M′ is selected from elements Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ti, Nb and V; X is selected from elements P, S, As, Mo and W; and a second crystalline substance having one or more members with the general formulas LiD_(c)O₂, Li_(i)Ni_(1-d-e)Co_(d)Mn_(e)O₂, LiNi_(1-f-g)Co_(f)Al_(g)O₂, Li_(x)Ni_(1-y)CoO₂, Li_(a)M_(b)Mn_(2-b)O₄ and Li_(m)Mn_(2-n)E_(n)O_(j), wherein: D is selected from elements B, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, La and V; 0<c≦3, 0.9≦i≦1.2, 0≦d≦0.5, 0≦e≦0.3, 0≦f≦0.5, 0≦g≦0.3, 0.9≦x≦1.1 and 0≦y≦1; M is selected from elements boron, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium and yttrium; 0.9≦a≦1.2 and 0≦b≦1; E includes one or more transition metals; and 0.9≦m≦1.1, 0≦n≦1 and 1<j<6, wherein the first crystalline substance has a lattice, and at least a part of the second crystalline substance is received by and distributed in the lattice of the first crystalline structure.
 2. The material of claim 1 having electrical conductivity of about 0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C.
 3. The material of claim 1, wherein the first crystalline substance and the second crystalline substance has molar ratios of about 1 to 0.01-0.05, taking only the lithium components in the material into consideration.
 4. The material of claim 1, wherein the first crystalline substance includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of LiFePO₄, LiMnPO₄, LiCoPO₄, Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃, Li₂NaV₂(PO₄)₃, LiTiPO₅, LiVMoO₆, LiVWO₆, LiVP₂O₇ and LiFeAs₂O₇ and the second crystalline substance includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiVO₂, Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂, LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ and LiMnBO₃.
 5. The material of claim 1, further comprising a carbon additive, wherein the carbon additive is capable of providing the mixed crystal with about 1-5% of carbon by weight.
 6. The material of claim 5, wherein the carbon additive includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, starch, dextrin and polyethylene glycol.
 7. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising a battery case, electrodes and electrolyte, the electrodes and electrolyte being sealed within the battery case, the electrodes having wounded or stacked cathode, anode and divider film, the cathode further comprising the cathode material of claim
 1. 8. A cathode active material comprising a mixed crystal, the mixed crystal having: a first crystalline substance having a combination of lithium, iron and phosphorous sources, wherein the lithium, iron and phosphorous (Li:Fe:P) sources have molar ratios of about 0.95-1.1:1:0.95-1.1; and a second crystalline substance having one or more members with the general formulas LiD_(c)O₂, Li_(i)Ni_(1-d-e)Co_(d)Mn_(e)O₂, LiNi_(1-f-g)Co_(f)Al_(g)O₂, Li_(x)Ni_(1-y)CoO₂, Li_(a)M_(b)Mn_(2-b)O₄ and Li_(m)Mn_(2-n)E_(n)O_(j), wherein: D is selected from elements B, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, La and V; 0<c≦3, 0.9≦i≦1.2, 0≦d≦0.5, 0≦e≦0.3, 0≦f≦0.5, 0≦g≦0.3, 0.9≦x≦1.1 and 0≦y≦1; M is selected from elements boron, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium and yttrium; 0.9≦a≦1.2 and 0≦b≦1; E includes one or more transition metals; and 0.9≦m≦1.1, 0≦n≦1 and 1<j<6, wherein the first crystalline substance has a lattice, and at least a part of the second crystalline substance is received by and distributed in the lattice of the first crystalline structure.
 9. The material of claim 8 having electrical conductivity of about 0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C.
 10. The material of claim 8, wherein the phosphorous source and the second crystalline substance has molar ratios of about 1 to 0.01-0.05, taking only the lithium components and phosphorous source in the material into consideration.
 11. The material of claim 8, wherein the second crystalline substance includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiVO₂, Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂, LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ and LiMnBO₃.
 12. The material of claim 8, wherein the lithium source includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxalate and lithium acetate; the iron source includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of ferrous oxalate, ferrous carbonate, iron acetate, iron oxide, iron phosphate, iron pyrophosphate and iron nitrate; and the phosphate source includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium, iron phosphate, phosphoric acid and lithium dihydrogen phosphate.
 13. The material of claim 8, further comprising a carbon additive, wherein the carbon additive is capable of providing the mixed crystal with about 1-5% of carbon by weight.
 14. The material of claim 13, wherein the carbon additive includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, starch, dextrin and polyethylene glycol.
 15. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising a battery case, electrodes and electrolyte, the electrodes and electrolyte being sealed within the battery case, the electrodes having wounded or stacked cathode, anode and divider film, the cathode further comprising the cathode material of claim
 8. 16. A cathode active material comprising a mixed crystal, the mixed crystal having: a first crystalline substance having one or more members selected from the group consisting of LiFePO₄, LiMnPO₄, LiCoPO₄, Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃, Li₂NaV₂(PO₄)₃, LiTiPO₅, LiVMoO₆, LiVWO₆, LiVP₂O₇ and LiFeAs₂O₇; and a second crystalline substance includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiVO₂, Li_(1.03)Ni_(0.77)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂, LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O₂ and LiMnBO₃, wherein the first crystalline substance has a lattice, and at least a part of the second crystalline substance is received by and distributed in the lattice of the first crystalline structure.
 17. The material of claim 16 having electrical conductivity of about 0.001 to 10 S/cm at about 25° C.
 18. The material of claim 16, further comprising a carbon additive, wherein the carbon additive is capable of providing the mixed crystal with about 1-5% of carbon by weight.
 19. The material of claim 18, wherein the carbon additive includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, starch, dextrin and polyethylene glycol.
 20. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising a battery case, electrodes and electrolyte, the electrodes and electrolyte being sealed within the battery case, the electrodes having wounded or stacked cathode, anode and divider film, the cathode further comprising the cathode material of claim
 16. 